Decentralized data storage has emerged as a disruption to traditional cloud storage and could represent a significant shift in the way organizations distribute and store data in the future.
Numerous companies already offer decentralized storage options, some of which use blockchain technology to facilitate storage operations and validate transactions across a distributed network.
What is a decentralized storage network?
With decentralized storage, data is encrypted and stored across multiple locations, or nodes, managed by individuals or organizations who share their spare disk space for a fee. In essence, a decentralized storage provider often acts as a broker, matching those who need to store data with those who want to rent their spare storage capacity. Regardless of where the data is stored, only the data’s owner holds the private encryption key; storage providers cannot access the data. In many cases, the files are also shredded and spread across multiple locations, providing another layer of storage security.
Decentralized data storage products often use blockchain to track storage transactions. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can automatically synchronize and validate storage transactions across distributed nodes. The blockchain ledger can record fragment hashes, data locations, rental costs, or other transaction-specific information.
What are the benefits of decentralized storage networks?
When an organization uses a decentralized network primarily for storage, the biggest benefit is cost. Decentralized data storage is typically based on leased excess capacity, so it tends to be cheap.
In many cases, decentralized storage networks are based on blockchain or similar technologies and deliver benefits such as data immutability, improved privacy and better overall security. Decentralized networks are resilient because the storage does not have a single point of failure.
Decentralized storage network providers
Decentralized storage has gained traction in recent years, and numerous options are already on the market. Most of these products rely on blockchain to support their storage strategies. However, blockchain and decentralized storage are not one in the same, and one can exist without the other. Here are seven decentralized data storage products to consider.
1. Arweave
While some of the other decentralized data storage offerings focus primarily on privacy or avoiding censorship and monitoring, Arweave is designed for data persistence.
Arweave itself is a blockchain-like peer-to-peer (P2P) storage protocol that provides extra storage capacity available on computers acting as Arweave clients. The application that enables data storage and other functionality is called permaweb — an immutable environment for storing web pages and other types of data, such as databases and static files. Those who want to store data must pay a one-time fee using Arweave tokens, which are available on most crypto exchanges.
Arweave is 100% community driven and designed to work with Linux. It can be used on Windows, but is not recommended for reliability reasons.
2. BitTorrent
BitTorrent is one of the oldest and most famous decentralized data storage networks. Founded in 2001, BitTorrent initially gained notoriety as a platform for sharing pirated media. Over time, BitTorrent evolved into a whole range of products, including BitTorrent File System (BTFS).
BTFS is a scalable decentralized storage system designed to reduce storage costs, improve fault tolerance and avoid government censorship. Like other distributed storage networks, BTFS relies on user nodes. However, one of the elements that sets BitTorrent apart from some of the other networks is the more than 100 million user nodes in place. Moreover, BTFS is blockchain based and uses the TRON network. There are over 1,000 full TRON nodes, with 27 block producers designated as super representatives.
BTFS is a derivative of InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and is suitable for both file transfer and storage. However, unlike the other decentralized data storage offerings, BTFS is designed in a way that allows users to remove any illegal or copyrighted media from their nodes.
3. Filecoin
Filecoin is widely known for having one of the largest initial coin offerings of all time, raising $257 million in 2017. Filecoin is a P2P network service that uses blockchain and native cryptocurrency to provide storage services.
The cryptocurrency, referred to as FIL, supports all transactions. Users pay FIL to store their files. Miners, or storage node owners, earn FIL to store the files. The blockchain ledger records the transactions and provides proof that miners are storing files correctly. Filecoin is built on IPFS, a P2P hypermedia protocol designed to address some of the limitations of using HTTP for distributed storage.
Filecoin prices are not controlled by any single company; instead, it is an open market in which anyone can participate. While this provides greater flexibility, it can make it difficult for organizations working within specific storage budgets, especially when trying to calculate gas fees, which are charges for resources consumed by on-chain message operations.
The Filecoin project is open source and encourages storage providers, consumers and developers to build applications on top of its file system. However, it is worth noting that the Lotus nodes used by Filecoin are only supported on Linux and macOS. Windows is not yet supported.
4. MaidSafe and Secure Network
MaidSafe is a small team of individuals building the Safe Network, an autonomous global network made up of storage nodes. In doing so, MaidSafe sought to create a network that could not be shut down, blocked, censored or controlled.
Collectively, the software manages storage across the network, sending data and messages securely between the nodes. Nodes are grouped into sections that control the data stored in them. Sectioning and data movement are all autonomous operations, without the need for centralized servers, agents or human oversight.
Anyone can join the network anonymously as a provider, subject to a resource test, and anyone can store data or access public information on the network. The Safe Network project also provides an API that developers can use to interact directly with the network.
Unlike Filecoin and many other decentralized storage options, the Secure Network does not use blockchain or any type of public ledger, making it easier to scale the network while eliminating the need to synchronize ledger data across nodes. End users can use the client software to store data on the Secure Network. The software divides the data into a minimum of three segments, hashes and encrypts the segments, and then applies additional protection. Multiple copies of each segment are stored within a section to ensure redundancy.
As it stands, users buy storage with MaidSafeCoin, which is available on several public exchanges. Those who sell extra storage capacity are also paid with MaidSafeCoin. Eventually, MaidSafeCoin will be replaced by Safe Network Tokens.
Those who need to store data can pay once but store data forever. The Secure Network serves as a secure, universally accessible alternative to the World Wide Web. It has a goal of eliminating corporate and government tracking.
5. Let it be
Like Filecoin, Sia uses blockchain to provide a decentralized data storage platform that encrypts and distributes files across a global P2P network. The Sia client software—available for Windows, Linux, and macOS—breaks each file into 30 segments, which it then distributes to different hosts.
The software uses Reed-Solomon erasure coding to ensure redundancy and make it possible to recover a file of only 10 of its segments. The software also uses the open source Threefish algorithm to encrypt the segments before sending them to the storage hosts. Tenants use Siacoin to buy storage, and hosts use Siacoin as collateral when storing files.
Sia software is completely open source and includes an API that developers can use when building applications. Setting up Sia – as a tenant or host – is a simple, well-documented process, which makes it stand out from some competitors.
Sia provides a decentralized storage marketplace in which storage providers compete for business. As a result, prices are less predictable. One terabyte of storage costs 236.96 Siacoins per month, or about 80 cents, starting in August 2023. However, tenants should be aware of additional costs, such as contract formation fees and bandwidth fees for uploading and downloading files. Like other coins, the value of Siacoin also fluctuates, meaning that the actual storage cost varies from one month to the next.
6. Storj and Tardigrades
Storj is one of Sia’s top competitors and provides similar services, including blockchain storage. However, some confusion surrounded the name of Storj. Storj and Tardigrade referred to two different Storj Labs business areas. Storj focused on the supply side and Tardigrade on the demand side. Storj node operators provided decentralized storage to Tardigrade customers. Storj has since rolled out its Tardigrade product under the Storj brand as Storj Decentralized Cloud Storage, according to the vendor.
Storj storage is S3 compatible, with data broken into smaller segments, encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard-256 (AES-256) with Galois/Counter Mode symmetric encryption and stored over the global network, such as Sia. Storj breaks files into 64 MB segments, with each segment made of 80 chunks sent to storage nodes. Only 29 of these 80 chunks are needed when accessing the file, and the service uses the fastest available chunks.
According to Storj Labs, its storage is well suited for backups, archives, media content, hybrid cloud storage services, large file transfers, log files larger than 4 KB and database snapshots.
Unlike other services, Storj offers fixed prices, making it easier to budget for storage costs. The exact price depends on the amount of data the organization stores and downloads. For example, the free plan offers users 25 GB of storage and up to 25 GB of bandwidth per month. On the other hand, a Pro plan costs $4 per terabyte of storage and $7 per terabyte of bandwidth.
7. Utopia
The Utopia P2P network is designed to act as a tool to regain online freedom and anonymity. It provides secure communications in a way that prevents government and third-party surveillance. Online communication is provided by Curve25519 high-speed elliptic curve cryptography, while local storage is encrypted with AES-256.
Utopia supports two different cryptocurrencies: Crypton and Utopia USD. Crypton is Utopia’s preferred currency and is designed to be decentralized and untraceable, while Utopia USD is more stable because its value is pegged to the US dollar.
Utopia users store data in encrypted containers. Utopia defines an encrypted container as “encrypted, password-protected storage of your Utopia data, such as your private key, uMails, uWallet, files, chat history, contacts and transaction history.” Utopia is available on Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS and Android.
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